Finding successful investments is hard work.
My colleague Dan Ferris and I routinely evaluate dozens of companies before finding a few that are worthy of additional research.
[ad#Google Adsense 336×280-IA]Unfortunately, that means we probably spend more time reading about businesses that we don’t recommend than reading about those we do.
Often, our research begins with a company’s annual report. To achieve transparency with investors, public companies are required to file these reports with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), which refers to them as “10-Ks.”
Annual reports provide a wealth of valuable data. Better yet, the data are accessible 24/7 on the SEC website.
These reports are often 100-150 pages long and contain a mind-boggling array of numbers. Our challenge is to quickly separate what’s important from what’s not. Or as Arthur Conan Doyle’s famous fictional sleuth Sherlock Holmes says…
It is of the highest importance in the art of detection to be able to recognize, out of a number of facts, which are incidental and which vital.
How do you separate “incidental” from “vital” in a document loaded with thousands of seemingly important facts? You must have a plan.
I have read thousands of annual reports in my investing career. Over time, I’ve developed a system that helps me quickly assess if a company is worthy of further study.
My system starts with these five questions…
- Are there risks related to the company’s revenue stream that aren’t readily apparent?
- Are there other unusual risk factors?
- Has the company demonstrated that it can grow revenue and earnings?
- Is there evidence of operating leverage?
- Is the company generating free cash flow?
Let’s look at each individually…
Question No. 1: Are there risks related to the company’s revenue stream that aren’t readily apparent?
Typically, an overview of the business and how it generates revenue can be found within the first few pages of an annual report. Spend some time there. I specifically look for two risks…
- Heavy dependence on just one or a few customers.
- Hidden exposure to commodity prices.
Customer Concentration
Ideally, we’re looking for companies that sell to many, many customers. This limits the risk that revenue might suddenly decline from the loss of any one customer. It also limits the leverage any one company can have on the business. Raising prices on a customer that’s responsible for 60% of your business will always be a challenge.
Be aware that some industries routinely experience high customer concentration. Food manufacturers like Hain Celestial Group (HAIN) often report Wal-Mart (WMT) as a major customer (10% or more of sales).
Suppliers of original equipment manufacturer (OEM) auto parts typically have high exposure to one or more of the major car manufacturers. BorgWarner (BWA), for instance, reports that 17% of its 2014 sales were made to beleaguered Volkswagen.
Companies in the semiconductor industry also routinely experience high exposure to just a few customers. Cirrus Logic (CRUS) is an extreme example. In 2014, 72% of its sales were made to a single customer, Apple (AAPL).
Exposure to Commodity Prices
In addition to assessing customer concentration, you also want to determine if there is hidden exposure to cyclical commodities, like oil and gas.
Remember, a company doesn’t have to be in the oil and gas business to have significant exposure to its boom and bust cycle. Last November, I addressed this problem in the Stansberry Digest.
Oil prices were starting to fall hard. I warned investors they might be unwittingly exposed if they owned companies that did a significant amount of business with oil and gas producers. Here’s what I said at the time…
I’ve looked closely at hundreds of companies over the past year and I’m continually surprised at the reach of the American oil industry. The manufacturing and global distribution of oil-extraction tools and parts – paired with the transport of crude-oil products – generates billions in revenue for thousands of American companies.
If you own some of these companies (or own mutual funds that hold large positions in them), you’re more exposed than you think. If oil continues to fall, your portfolio could take an unexpected hit.
[One] blue-chip stock that lots of individuals and funds hold is Emerson Electric (EMR). Emerson is a global industrial powerhouse operating separate divisions in industrial automation, network power, and climate technologies.
Emerson’s process management segment has been the primary source of revenue growth over the past few years, thanks to surging demand from oil and gas customers. This division accounts for 35% of Emerson’s revenue. A sustained slowdown in domestic oil production (a byproduct of plunging prices) would hurt Emerson’s profitability.
After I wrote that, the drop in oil prices did resume. And Emerson’s stock price has dropped about 29% since then.
Question No. 2: Are there other unusual risk factors?
Toward the middle of a typical annual report, you’ll find the Risk Factors section. Here, a company identifies and lists the primary risks for its business.
Many of these risks are generally the same from company to company. For instance, if a recession appears, sales are likely to decline. If another company is acquired, the integration may underperform the expectations management has set.
What I’m looking for are unique risks. Here’s an example from the 2014 10-K of Molina Healthcare, which provides health care plans to more than two million members across the U.S. (emphasis added)…
Our profitability depends to a significant degree on our ability to accurately predict and effectively manage our medical care costs. Historically, our medical care cost ratio, meaning our medical care costs as a percentage of our premium revenue net of premium tax, has fluctuated substantially, and has also varied across our state health plans. Because the premium payments we receive are generally fixed in advance and we operate with a narrow profit margin, relatively small changes in our medical care cost ratio can create significant changes in our overall financial results.
For example, if our overall medical care ratio for the year ended December 31, 2014 of 89.5% had been one percentage point higher, or 90.5%, our net income from continuing operations for the year ended December 31, 2014 would have been approximately $0.12 per diluted share rather than our actual income from continuing operations of $1.30 per diluted share, a decrease of approximately 91%.
This is something you don’t see every day – a change of one percentage point in expenses potentially reduces income 91%! No matter how attractive Molina might otherwise be, this vital fact about its business model was a deal-breaker for me.
Question No. 3: Has the company demonstrated that it can grow revenue and earnings?
Near the Risk Factors section, you’ll usually find a financial review covering the past five years. This lets you quickly see whether the company has been successful at growing sales and profits.
Growth in these two metrics is vital because it typically means the products and services the company sells are enjoying greater demand over time. Companies that get bigger and better are exactly what we’re looking for.
Acxiom (ACXM) is an example of a company that has not been growing revenue or earnings. The provider of enterprise software has been around for more than 40 years, but sales the past two years were actually lower than they were five years ago. Earnings also trended down during this period.
By glancing at Acxiom’s five-year financial history just a few minutes into my research, I was able to quickly eliminate it from consideration.
Question No. 4: Is there evidence of operating leverage?
Operating leverage is simply the ability to grow profits faster than revenue.
Superior business models often grow profits faster than revenue, so I consider this a vital fact that helps me quickly determine whether a particular company is worth further evaluation.
Fleetmatics (FLTX) provides fleet management software services to 25,000 enterprise customers with large truck fleets. It’s a textbook example of operating leverage. Over the past five years, revenue grew about 37% per year on average. Income grew a much faster 85% per year on average.
Adding lots of new fleet customers didn’t require the company to build a new plant. It just needed room for a few new employees and their computers. Capital-light businesses such as Fleetmatics routinely demonstrate operating leverage.
Investors love rapidly growing companies that can grow earnings quickly. They regularly pay dear prices to own them. That’s why these kinds of companies are rarely found in the Extreme Value model portfolio. Ideally, we look to buy these kinds of businesses during major market downturns when everything goes on sale.
Question No. 5: Is the company generating free cash flow?
The last thing I look for when starting the evaluation of a new company is its ability to generate free cash flow.
This can be easily determined by going to the Statement of Cash Flows, which normally follows the Balance Sheet and Income Statement about two-thirds of the way into a typical annual report.
Free cash flow is not a line item on the cash-flow statement. Instead, it has to be calculated by deducting expenditures for property and equipment (i.e. capital expenditures, or “CapEx”) from net cash from operations (or operating cash flow).
As Dan likes to say, free cash flow is what gives equity its value. This is the surplus capital management has at its disposal to grow the business, reduce debt, and give back to shareholders via dividends and share repurchases.
The cash-flow statement in an annual report normally covers the last three years. Ideally, what I’m looking for is growing free-cash-flow generation over that period. If a company was unable to generate even a moderate amount of free cash flow over the last three years, I usually lose interest in it as a potential investment idea.
There are almost 7,000 companies listed on the three major U.S. stock exchanges: NYSE, Nasdaq, and Amex. Finding the handful of businesses that will translate into successful investments is hard work.
Having a plan like the one outlined above helps us eliminate many subpar businesses from consideration quickly… and focuses our attention on those that are worthy of your investment capital.
As you conduct your own research, I highly recommend you follow this guide.
Good investing,
Mike Barrett
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Source: Daily Wealth